Dealing With Insider Trading In Business Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1366 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The financial services play a vital role in the UK economy. Banks, pension funds, professional trade bodies, individuals and stockholders are engaged in this complex process. All participants try to raise capital and gain from trading using range of methods. This can be a cause of different types of behaviour of the participants. Seven types of behaviour as defined in section 118 of FSMA are the civil offence and the first of them is an insider dealing. Insider dealing when an insider deals, or tries to deal, on the basis of inside information. (FSMA, section 118). In other words insider dealing is using information which should be confidential in making investment decisions. Knowledge of a piece of confidential information and using any information that is not publicly available can lead to a different outcomes such as destabilising markets, decreasing of market efficiency, damaging companies and their shareholders and undermining investor confidence. From these points it can be seen that insider dealing is the threat to the stable and fair operation of financial markets and is considered as an offence. For this reason, the law and regulatory bodies of the UK stock market play very important role. In the case of insider dealing there are always guilty insiders and victims because any profit accruing to an insider means a loss to other participants i.e. victims (Mervyn and Ailsa, 1993). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dealing With Insider Trading In Business Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Insider trading was not considered as criminal offence at the beginning of the twentieth century. It became a criminal offence in the UK since 1980 when sections 69-73, Part V of the Companies Act 1980 came into force. Part V of the 1980 Act was re-enacted in the 1985 Company Securities (Insider Dealing) Act 1985 and finally amended by the Financial Services Act 1986 (MAD). The SFO and DTI dealt with insider dealing but serious cases of insider dealing didnt disclose. This was the result of problems in detection, limited resources and high cost of prosecution. (GP Gilligan Regulating the Financial Services Sector 1999, chapter 6, p.186). Further reform came from the European Community in 1989 and as a result implementation of the Directive in the UK resulted in Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993. The Criminal Justice Act 1993 (CJA 1993) represented an extension of the basis of liability for the insider dealing offence. The offence of insider dealing is set out in Section 52(1) o f the CJA 1993. The elements of the offence have detailed definitions which are contained both within primary and secondary legislation. There are three ways in which individual can commit an offence under the Section 52: dealing in securities; encouraging another person to deal in securities; disclosing inside information (CJA 1993). Under the Section 57 of CJA 1993 there are two types of insider: a primary insider is a person who has direct knowledge of inside information; secondary insider is a person who knows inside information from the inside source. Overall, Part V of the CJA 1993 presents a wider definition of securities and insider than the Act 1985. Large cases have been prosecuted under the CJA 1993 but it was very difficult to detect and prove an offence under the criminal law because of the high evidentiary requirements to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the guilt of the defendant. Today there is a huge amount of information available for people and hence a wide range o f reasons present to explain their actions. That is why it can be impossible to detect and often cases are built on circumstantial evidence. The CJA 1993 mostly focuses on individuals prosecution and ignore corporations because the term individual excludes corporations (Kern Alexander, Insider dealing and market abuse: the financial services and markets act 2000, Working paper No.222, 2001). UK is a leading interantional financial centre and its position depends on its reputation as clean and fair market. So it became necessary to complement existing criminal law and fill the gap. FSMA reduces this gap and makes the offence applicable to the corporations and individuals. Since 2000 insider dealing became one form of market abuse after the FSA was established and began to consider these as civil offence. FSA was established in 2000 under the FSMA 119 and now it is the single and main UK regulator which is responsible for authorizing and regulating financial services companies in the UK. The main objectives of FSA: market confidence; public awareness; financial stability; consumer protection; the reduction of financial crime. The regulation of insider dealing under these objectives is consistent with the market confidence, financial stability and the reduction of financial crime. FSMA gave the FSA new powers, a wide range of rule making and responsibilities such as to take action to prevent market abuse and to prosecute insider dealing. It can take actions for breaches of the FSAs Principles for Business. The following Principles for Business permits the FSA to impose a wide range of sanctions as penalties, banning individuals from the industry and rem oving authorised activities: integrity principle; skill, care and diligence; management and control; financial prudence; market conduct; customers interests; communications with clients; conflicts of interest; customers: relationships of trust; clients assets; relations with regulators (the official website of FSA). Under FSMA 119, the FSA is required to produce a Code of Market Conduct, indicating behaviour amounting to market abuse. The Market Abuse Directive (MAD) came into force in the UK on 1 July 2005 through the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Market Abuse) Regulations 2005 and through changes to FSA rules (MAD). It is a common approach among EU member states. In 2005 it presented a Code of Market Conduct, which contains the standards that should be observed by anyone who uses the UKs financial markets in the UK or overseas. The Code brings transparency to all market users and everyone should be able to understand what standards are required when dealing on UK markets. As a result, insider dealing is one of the seven types of behaviour that constitutes market abuse under the MAD. These legislative changes provided FSA with the gteater flexibility and ability to choose between criminal or civil proceedings in relation to insider dealing. The complex nature of insider dealing cases requires the FSA to work with the agencies such the Serious Organised Crime Agency, City of London Police and other crime detection agencies. Criminal Cases for insider dealing since 1981 to 2010: total Cases number is 26, 15 of them are the cases regarding the offences being a financial adviser or acting on information from an adviser, only two cases considered as a rings. Civil Cases for Market Abuse since 2003 to 2010: total number of Cases is 37, 19 of them are regarding insider dealing. The largest case was the one of Shell. The result of his unprecedented misconduct in relation to misstatements of its proved reserves was the fine of pound;17 million (Barnes, Paul (2010): Insider dealing and market abuse: the UKs record on enforcement). Ethics means a set of moral principles and values which represent the main basis of Ethical behaviour. Ethical behaviour in the financial services industry is critical. Good ethical behaviour or high ethical standards can make the financial services industry credible and attract new investors. So, the public trust is the key element of successful financial services industry. The CFA institute provides the Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct which teach market participants how to maintain good ethical behaviour in practise because in this industry where every day people handle other peoples money the opportunities to be unethical arise every day (H.Kent Baker, CFA, Good Ethics: an overview, 1994). 1.Insider Trading sp4, Jan 1988, Ailsa Rouml;ell, Mervyn Allister King 2. Barnes, Paul, Insider dealing and market abuse: the UKs record on enforcement. MPRA Paper No. 25585 (October 2010). Available at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25585/ 3. https://www.9bedfordrow.co.uk/92/?form_87.replyids=1 Abbas Lakha QC , Matthew Banham, 1 April 2010 The FSA and insider dealing 4. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1993/36/section/52 CJA 1993 (Abbas Lakha QC, Matthew Banham The FSA and insider dealing April 2010). 5. INSIDER DEALING AND MARKET ABUSE: THE FINANCIAL SERVICES AND MARKETS ACT 2000, ESRC Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, Working Paper No. 222, Kern Alexander, December 2001. https://ideas.repec.org/p/cbr/cbrwps/wp222.html 6. Good Ethics: An Overview H. Kent Baker, CFA AIMR Conference Proceedings, April 1994, Vol. 1994, No. 4:1-7. Abstract| PDF(489K)| Linked PDF(503K)| Related https://www.cfapubs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2469/cp.v1994.n4.1

Marketing Analysis Health Marketing Communications Essay

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Impact Public Management Health Social Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(24) " between 1500 and 1800\." ( Question and Undertaking ) What is New Public Management? Critically discuss the impact of New Public Management on the bringing of Health and Social Care in the UK? New Public Management ( NPM ) , as the name indicates is a new planetary phenomenon, which shifts the focal point of public disposal to a more up-to-date public direction. Through NPM, the modern direction techniques holding their beginning in the private sector, is happening application in to the populace sphere besides. Moore et Al. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact Public Management Health Social Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( 1994:13 ) high spots that â€Å" the cardinal feature of NPM is the attempt to originate or imitate, within those subdivisions of the public service that are non privatized, the public presentation inducements and, the ordinance and control that exist in a market environment. † NPM is no more an Anglo-Saxon phenomenon, as it was thought ab initio ; it is a planetary tendency. There are several factors lending to new public direction reforms in a state: societal, economic, political factors to pick the most of import. Technological factors like the rapid growing of information engineering to play a cardinal function as a taking factor towards NPM reforms. In the instance of most developed states, the changeless demand for increased efficiency of bringing of public services through cost cuts has accelerated the thrust for NPM. There was a demand for extremist alterations in the direction of the authorities with the chief aim of increased efficiency, effectivity of the system as a whole and economic system of running it ( Metcalfe and Richards, 1990 ) . In the recent old ages, the construct of public assistance province has undergone considerable alterations and up steps, as per the demand in the society, and this has challenged the traditional construct of province ‘s duties with regard to public services. The increased credence gained by the alleged ‘neoliberal thoughts ‘ in the 1980s and thenceforth has redefined these traditional constructs. Harmonizing to these neoliberal constructs, economic efficiency can be achieved merely through market competition, which offers free market pick to the populace ( Massey, 2005 ) . However, the instance of most developing states is different. There, chiefly external force per unit areas, which were strengthened after financial and economic crises they faced in the 1970s, have driven the NPM reforms. These include loaning conditions and other models imposed by external loaning bureaus like the IMF, World Bank, etc and their changeless accent on structural accommodations in the name of good administration. The increased usage of international advisers for structural reforms has surely added to this tendency, and they act as â€Å" alteration agents † for the reform processes. Decentralization of direction at assorted degrees within public services is the most of import component of NPM. This include the sloughing of governmental duties like the degeneration of fiscal control by the authorities through one-year budgets and the institutional restructuring steps like puting up of independent bureaus. Public services are thrown unfastened to competition by increased usage of markets like undertaking out of cardinal maps. The accent displacement to client orientation through high quality public presentation and better end products. Downsizing of authorities mechanism needed for the specific undertaking, and the spreading civilization of user charges are of import facets associated with NPM. In the instance of a figure of crisis provinces, reform of province owned endeavors have taken the challenge of reforms through undertaking out its cardinal operations associated with bringing of public services. Performance contracts are given in the instance of public public-service corporations like conveyance and electricity where the province retains the answerability for public presentation. Transparency of maps signifiers portion of the nucleus values of NPM. Contestability and value for money are similar of import values of NPM. NPM introduces and puts a type of quasi markets in topographic point. The wellness attention systems in UK can be viewed as an illustration of this. Again, private money is allowed to flux in freely, as in the instance of University fees in UK. In the procedure of coaction between two organisations, as portion of the NPM reforms, their civilizations play a critical function. The integrating of civilizations must non take to tensenesss and misgiving and hence forced integrating is non good for anyone. But at the same clip, culturally different organisations, if merged together, can be able to make a synergism and may be able to organize an advanced entity. Wherever implemented, NPM has been successful in power displacements towards new equilibriums. The strengthening of senior general direction and weakening of trade brotherhoods can be seen in this context. There is a tendency to authorise consumers of services in topographic point of public sector manufacturers ( Powell, 2007 ) . 2.0 New Public Management in UK The new reforms in UK started in the twelvemonth 1979 under the premier curate ship of Mrs. Margaret Thatcher. The mechanism was called â€Å" Prior option reappraisal † and was intended to analyze the activities of assorted authorities sections. For more than a century, UK populace sector was dominated by the old Public Administration original where probity and due procedure was emphasized more than existent results. The NPM original comes as a replacement to this old original and this is an illustration of a successful original alteration ( Greenwood et al, 1993 ) . It had the twin steering rules of directors and markets. Though due to widespread public sentiment, the NHS ( National Health Service ) was non privatized, this was thrown unfastened for competition. Two typical organisations were created: the DHAs ( District Health Authorities ) and hospital trusts. The DHAs were responsible for the wellness attention in a designated geographical country. They were granted specific budgetary support based on the population they were designed to provide. The position of infirmary trusts were modified into independent trusts in topographic point of their earlier â€Å" not-for-profit † position. A fund-holding strategy was besides introduced, through which the DHAs transferred their budget to group patterns depending on the class of patients and their figure. The figure normally varied between 1500 and 1800. You read "Impact Public Management Health Social Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" The doctor who holds the fund on behalf of the patients is required to negociate with infirmaries and private clinics straight and take the most cost effectual wellness attention. This passage was non all of a sudden, but took about 20 old ages to make the full-blown province. The alterations were slow and limited in the beginning, as they started with the debut of the general direction. However, the procedure gained impulse later on and the quasi market experiment of 1990s was synoptically restructured. But since 1997 there was few harnessing back of market finding forces, particularly in sectors like primary wellness attention. However, in other sectors, the private finance flow has steadily been increasing. With in wellness attention systems of audit public presentation direction and assessment mechanisms have steadily improved and matured. Managerial functions have been more and more detailed. General direction was introduced and clinical professionals and physicians were bit by bit involved in the direction of wellness attention system. They performed the function of portion clip directors. This had the consequence of a displacement in power focal point within wellness attention systems. The managerial block emerged as the clear victor of the conflict for power equilibriums with in wellness attention organisations. The liberty of clinical professionals was no more absolute and their trade brotherhood dickering power has been well weakened ( Felie et. Al, 2002 ) . Therefore, every bit far as UK wellness attention sector is concerned, it can be boldly said that the NPM original has grown in to a full-blown province. Peoples have started to take the one time fresh ways as taken for granted. Kitchener in 1998 pointed out that the advancement towards a â€Å" Quasi market original † was about complete. However, there was a powerful clinical presence in topographic point of a simply managerial government. The word ‘quasi market ‘ is used because although market mechanisms have been introduced, it has to run with in some major restraints, which are absent in the private sector. The most of import of these restraints is that, the handiness of financess in the market is determined by the authorities each twelvemonth through the budgets. Therefore, no participant in the market can increase the entire size of the market. 3.0 NPM and Performance of UK in Health Care Among the states of the European Union, UK has a relatively low cost wellness system. It spends about 6.7 % of its GDP on wellness, where as it is 10.6 % in Germany, 9.6 % in France, and 8.6 % in Netherlands. But in footings of public presentation, UK has a comparatively better place in malice of such lower disbursement. It is placed 14th on a list of 29 states of the OECD in footings of critical indexs like infant mortality. In the instance of life anticipations besides the image is non that bad. If we take the illustration of USA with mostly private participants in the wellness attention sector, the disbursement is much more in footings of per centum of GDP, but its public presentation is non so attractive in comparing with other industiralised states. This raises echt uncertainties on the premise that public wellness attention system is ever inferior and under executing in comparing to a private system ( Dawson et. Al, 2002 ) . The chief characteristic of the populace sector in UK is its uninterrupted public presentation measuring. This includes marks set antecedently in a centralised mode, the regular coverage of the informations and steps to modulate the system behavior through wagess and punishments. Clarkson ( Clarkson et. Al, 2009 ) point out that the societal attention establishments in UK have improved their public presentation over the old ages after the NPM reforms, whereas the corresponding state of affairs in Northern Ireland is more or less inactive. Different types of evaluations are used for the intent. There are many public presentation arrows, which are clearly mapped on to drumhead studies of a New Performance Management System analysis. But there are unfavorable judgments that direction in action of a heath attention system seek to pull strings inspectors for accomplishing higher evaluations than they deserve ( Ferguson, 2009 ) . In the instance of NPM reforms of wellness attention in UK, some argue that it is dubious whether the competition ushered in as portion of the reforms has lead to improved wellness results in existent footings. The application of NPM has given topographic point for larger suppliers like insurance companies and large infirmaries, but the existent betterment in the wellness attention is still problematic ( Simone, 2008 ) . The most of import unfavorable judgment of NPM is that it has a inclination to concentrate on the procedure instead than the results ( Glasby, 2008 ) . Therefore, it is like seeing the forests and non the forest. The integrating becomes an terminal in itself, instead than going a agency to an terminal, Internet Explorer ; integrating of assorted procedures to hold the consequence of improved service bringing to the users. Most of the researches besides give undue importance to the procedure of integrating without giving equal attending to the jobs originating out of that. For the successful execution of NPM, the context of reforms, i.e. how good the bing system is working and what is the demand for integrating should be clearly borne in head. Then the specific constructions needed to accomplish the coveted results must be carefully designed. The focal point should be on give voicing the possible benefits in positive footings. E.g. in the recent reforms in kids ‘s servicesA in UK, alternatively of ‘preventing the maltreatment on kids ‘ the focal point was on more wide construct of ‘keeping kids safe and good ‘ . Another of import thing is to be unfastened and true, particularly to avoid misgiving and cynicism. The donees of the procedure can be the users of the services, the staff or the organisation itself. It is of import to specifically province that who is chiefly benefited. Sometimes there is a inclination that the confederates may truly be seeking benefits for the spouses, but creates an feeling that it is all done for the benefit of the users of services ( Glasby, 2007 ) . There are besides academic deliberations on the consequence of NPM on the basic moralss and values of public services. It is widely criticized that NPM has eroded the equity, nonpartisanship and probity of public services and has damaged the â€Å" human face † of these cardinal services. If person assumes that the acceptance of NPM reforms is good in all instances, it would be a hapless apprehension of the topic. Though there could be many advantages particularly in developed states, the acceptance of NPM in the instance of crisis provinces can be ( and would be ) debatable to a considerable degree. Therefore, execution of NPM reforms is non a Panacea in such instances. The public sector in such crisis provinces needs a more careful execution of the reforms and the extent of the reforms should be limited to selected sectors. How to cite Impact Public Management Health Social Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Essay on Social Inequality of Health Example For Students

Essay on Social Inequality of Health The United States reportedly spends over $8,000 per person on healthcare annually. This amount is two-and-a-half times greater than any other developed country in the world (Kane, 2012). However, this is not reflected statistically in the morbidity and mortality rates of its citizens. Many may ask why and what are we missing. To answer these questions, one may need to look no further than their own town and community. In 2013, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported health disparities as a causative factor for the unchanging morbidity and mortality rates in the United States. The World Health Organization defines social determinants of health as â€Å"conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age†, and also identify them as the main cause for health inequalities worldwide (WHO, 2013). Health disparities affect people of all ages. The risk of dying before the age of 65 is over three times greater for citizens at the socioeconomic bottom of society than those at the top (Alder Stewart, 2007). The youngest citizens are not immune to these facts. Infants born to mothers with less than 12 years of education are twice as likely to die during their first year of life compared to those born to mothers with 16 or more years of education (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2008). Healthcare is a continually evolving and changing with aims of improving patient care, cost containment, and research that advances medications and procedures beyond expectations. The majority of focus is on disease processes and treatments. Therefore, the effects of lower economic status on personal health may not be receiving the attention it deserves. The nursing profession is in a unique position to assist in providing the advocacy, education, caring, and community involvement required to both look for causative factors and to identify possible solutions of social inequality of health (Lathrop, 2013). Nurses such as Florence Nightingale and Loretta Ford long ago worked tirelessly to lay the groundwork for correlating health and socioeconomic status (Lathrop, 2013). Outline1 Health Reform Goal and Cost Reduction2 Limitations and Barriers3 Role of the Advance Practice Registered Nurse4 Conclusion Health Reform Goal and Cost Reduction The idea of improving social determinants by expanding the role of nurses coincides with one major goal of health care reform, which is preventative care. Addressing social determinants through education provided to the community outside of an acute care setting along with the expansion of preventive care in the health reform policy both have the common goal of increasing the wellbeing of the community. Also, to increase access to healthcare and preventative care, â€Å"The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will bring substantial changes to the U.S Health care system over the next several years including a new emphasis on prevention and expanding coverage to 32 million currently uninsured Americans.† (Lathrop, 2013) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) will also allow for a federal investment in a variety of preventative services and public health. Specifically, â€Å"A grant program will support community-based prevention services focused on reducing rates of chronic diseases and addressing health disparities† (Baker Institute Policy Report, 2012, p.3). While focusing on social determinants to health status through increased educational programs and community-based programs can decrease the cost of Medicare and Medicaid within the acute care setting, it can also increase the cost of Medicare and Medicaid in the community based setting (Baker Institute Policy Report, 2012, p.3). The ACA increases Medicare and Medicaid with an expansion of preventative services in hope of improving overall health. Improvement of overall health will in turn decrease the need for acute care facilities and therefore decrease the need to utilize Medicare and Medicaid coverage within an acute ca re setting. The expansion of preventative care will increase access to community-based programs and also increase job opportunities for health care workers. Crime and Social Inequality EssayTo alleviate health disparity, APRNs must go beyond traditional patient care and health promotion roles. Expanding scope of practice is essential to discover both where the inequities arise and how also to diminish these disparities (Williams et al., 2014). APRNs must become involved in community outreach and education to discover where services fall short for. This will also allow the APRN to know where to begin to advocate for changes in policies that create inequality among social ranks. According to the Dakota Nurse Connection (2012), collaboration with homeless shelters, social workers, and government benefits experts can also broaden the knowledge base of health care workers and aid in directing care. We must also become experts in local resources to direct our patients to available services. To ensure positive change, APRNs must familiarize themselves with the legal process and lobby for laws that will ease the burdens of lower income familie s in hopes of diminishing life stressors that cause an increase in health problems. We must also advocate for equality in public school quality for all children, and champion legislation that enables lower income students to achieve higher education (Lathrop, 2013). To provide quality care to all patients we must recognize that social status has a direct correlation with health. As APRNs, we will need to evolve and expand our scope beyond direct patient interaction to better advocate for our low income patients to ensure equity in care (Lathrop, 2013). References Adler, N., Stewart, J. (2007). Reaching for a healthier life: Facts on socioeconomic status and health in the U.S. The John D and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health. Retrieved from http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/downloads/Reaching_for_a_Healthier_Life.pdf Baker Institute Policy Report. (2012). James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, 51,1-13. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook. (2014). Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/nurse-anesthetists-nurse-midwives-and-nurse-practitioners.htm on January 15, 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. (November 22, 2013). CDC health disparities and inequalities report – United States, 2013. 62(3) p 3. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6203.pdf on January 19, 2014. Domrose, C. (2014). Gannett Healthcare Group. Nurse.com. Healthcare reform will make life busier for some NPs. Retrieved from http://news.nurse.com/article/20140113/NATIONAL05/140110003#.Utyo43l6jox on January 15, 2014. Kane, J. (2013). MacNeil Lehrer Productions. PBS Newshour. Health costs: How the U.S. compares with other countries. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/10/health-costs-how-the-us-compares-with-other-countries.html on January 19, 2014. Implementing the IOM Future of Nursing Report-Part II: The Potential of Interprofessional Collaborative Care to Improve Safety and Quality. (2012). Dakota Nurse Connection, 10(1) 1-8. Lathrop, B. (2013). Nursing Leadership in Addressing the Social Determinants of Health. Policy, politics nursing practice, 14(1), 41-47. doi:10.1177/1527154413489887 Mahoney, D., Jones, E. (2013). Social Determinants of Health in Nursing, Research, and Health Policy. Nursing Science Quarterly, 26:280. Mogford, E., Gould, L., DeVoght, A. (2011). Teaching critical health literacy in the US as a means to action on the social determinants of health. Health Promotion International, 26(1), 4-13. doi:10.1093/heapro/daq049 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (RWJF, 2008). Overcoming obstacles to health: Report from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to the commission to build a healthier America. Retrieved from http://www.commissiononhealth.org/PDF/ObstaclesToHealth-Report.pdf Williams, S. D., Hansen, K., Smithey, M., Burnley, J., Koplitz, M., Koyama, K., Bakos, A. (2014). Using Social Determinants of Health to Link Health Workforce Diversity, Care Quality and Access, and Health Disparities to Achieve Health Equity in Nursing. Public Health Reports, 12932-36. World Health Organization. Social Determinants of Health. (May 7, 2013). What are social determinants of health?. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/social_determinants/sdh_definition/en/index.html on January 16, 2014.